helmsman

马克吐温英文简介

马克吐温英文简介 　　Samuel Langhorne Clemens （November 30, 1835 – April 21, 1910），well known by his pen name Mark Twain, was an American author and humorist. Twain is noted for his novels Adventures of Huckleberry Finn （1884）， which has been called "the Great American Novel", and The Adventures of Tom Sawyer （1876）。 He is extensively quoted. Twain was a friend to presidents, artists, industrialists, and European royalty. 　　Twain was very popular, and his keen wit and incisive satire earned praise from critics and peers. Upon his death he was lauded as the "greatest American humorist of his age", and William Faulkner called Twain "the father of American literature". 　　Writing 　　Overview 　　Twain began his career writing light, humorous verse, but evolved into a chronicler of the vanities, hypocrisies and murderous acts of mankind. At mid-career, with Huckleberry Finn, he combined rich humor, sturdy narrative and social critici *** . Twain was a master at rendering colloquial speech and helped to create and popularize a distinctive American literature built on American themes and language. Many of Twain's works have been suppressed at times for various reasons. Adventures of Huckleberry Finn has been repeatedly restricted in American high schools, not least for its frequent use of the word "nigger", which was in common usage in the pre-Civil War period in which the novel was set. 　　A complete bibliography of his works is nearly impossible to compile because of the vast number of pieces written by Twain （often in obscure newspapers） and his use of several different pen names. Additionally, a large portion of his speeches and lectures have been lost or were not written down; thus, the collection of Twain's works is an ongoing process. Researchers rediscovered published material by Twain as recently as 1995. 　　Early journali *** and travelogues 　　Cabin in which Twain wrote Jumping Frog of Calaveras, located on Jackass Hill in Tuolumne County. Historical marker and interior view available.Twain's first important work, "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County", was first published in the New York Saturday Press on November 18, 1865. The only reason it was published there was that his story arrived too late to be included in a book Artemus Ward was compiling featuring sketches of the wild American West. 　　After this burst of popularity, Twain was commissioned by the Sacramento Union to write letters about his travel experiences for publication in the newspaper, his first of which was to ride the steamer Ajax in its maiden voyage to Hawaii, referred to at the time as the Sandwich Islands. These humorous letters proved the genesis to his work with the San Francisco Alta California newspaper, which designated him a traveling correspondent for a trip from San Francisco to New York City via the Panama isthmus. All the while, Twain was writing letters meant for publishing back and forth, chronicling his experiences with his burlesque humor. On June 8, 1867, Twain set sail on the pleasure cruiser Quaker City for five months. This trip resulted in The Innocents Abroad or The New Pilgrims' Progress. 　　This book is a record of a pleasure trip. If it were a record of a solemn scientific expedition it would have about it the gravity, that profundity, and that impressive incomprehensibility which are so proper to works of that kind, and withal so attractive. Yet not withstanding it is only a record of a picnic, it has a purpose, which is, to suggest to the reader how he would be likely to see Europe and the East if he looked at them with his own eyes instead of the eyes of those who traveled in those countries before him. I make *** all pretense of showing anyone how he ought to look at objects of interest beyond the sea – other books do that, and therefore, even if I were competent to do it, there is no need. 　　In 1872, Twain published a second piece of travel literature, Roughing It, as a semi-sequel to Innocents. Roughing It is a semi-autobiographical account of Twain's journey to Nevada and his subsequent life in the American West. The book lampoons American and Western society in the same way that Innocents critiqued the various countries of Europe and the Middle East. Twain's next work kept Roughing It's focus on American society but focused more on the events of the day. Entitled The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today, it was not a travel piece, as his previous two books had been, and it was his first attempt at writing a novel. The book is also notable because it is Twain's only collaboration; it was written with his neighbor Charles Dudley Warner. 　　Twain's next two works drew on his experiences on the Mississippi River. Old Times on the Mississippi, a series of sketches published in the Atlantic Monthly in 1875, featured Twain’s disillusionment with Romantici *** . Old Times eventually became the starting point for Life on the Mississippi. 　　Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn 　　Twain's next major publication was The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, which drew on his youth in Hannibal. Tom Sawyer was modeled on Twain as a child, with traces of two schoolmates, John Briggs and Will Bowen. The book also introduced in a supporting role Huckleberry Finn, based on Twain's boyhood friend Tom Blankenship. 　　The Prince and the Pauper, despite a storyline that is omnipresent in film and literature today, was not as well received. Telling the story of two boys born on the same day who are physically identical, the book acts as a social commentary as the prince and pauper switch places. Pauper was Twain's first attempt at fiction, and blame for its shortcomings is usually put on Twain for having not been experienced enough in English society, and also on the fact that it was produced after a massive hit. In between the writing of Pauper, Twain had started Adventures of Huckleberry Finn （which he consistently had problems completing[48]） and started and completed another travel book, A Tramp Abroad, which follows Twain as he traveled through central and southern Europe. 　　Twain's next major published work, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, solidified him as a noteworthy American writer. Some have called it the first Great American Novel, and the book has become required reading in many schools throughout the United States. Huckleberry Finn was an offshoot from Tom Sawyer and had a more serious tone than its predecessor. The main premise behind Huckleberry Finn is the young boy's belief in the right thing to do though most believed that it was wrong. Four hundred manuscript pages of Huckleberry Finn were written in mid-1876, right after the publication of Tom Sawyer. Some accounts have Twain taking seven years off after his first burst of creativity, eventually finishing the book in 1883. Other accounts have Twain working on Huckleberry Finn in tandem with The Prince and the Pauper and other works in 1880 and other years. The last fifth of Huckleberry Finn is subject to much controversy. Some say that Twain experienced, as critic Leo Marx puts it, a "failure of nerve". Ernest Hemingway once said of Huckleberry Finn: 　　If you read it, you must stop where the Nigger Jim is stolen from the boys. That is the real end. The rest is just cheating. 　　Hemingway also wrote in the same essay: 　　All modern American literature comes from one book by Mark Twain called, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. 　　Near the completion of Huckleberry Finn, Twain wrote Life on the Mississippi, which is said to have heavily influenced the former book. The work recounts Twain's memories and new experiences after a 22-year absence from the Mississippi. In it, he also states that "Mark Twain" was the call made when the boat was in safe water – two fathoms. 　　Attitude towards revolutions 　　As pointed out previously, Twain acknowledged that he originally sympathized with the more moderate Girondins of the French Revolution and then shifted his sympathies to the more radical Sansculottes, indeed identifying as "a Marat". 　　Twain supported the revolutionaries in Russia against the reformists, arguing that the Tsar must be got rid of, by violent means, because peaceful ones would not work. 　　Abolition, emancipation, and anti-raci *** 　　Twain was an adamant supporter of abolition and emancipation, even going so far to say “Lincoln's Proclamation … not only set the black slaves free, but set the white man free also.” He argued that non-whites did not receive justice in the United States, once saying “I have seen Chinamen abused and maltreated in all the mean, cowardly ways possible to the invention of a degraded nature…but I never saw a Chinaman righted in a court of justice for wrongs thus done to him.”He paid for at least one black person to attend Yale University Law School and for another black person to attend a southern university to become a minister. 　　Women's rights 　　Mark Twain was a staunch supporter of women's rights and an active campaigner for women's suffrage. His "Votes for Women" speech, in which he pressed for the granting of voting rights to women, is considered one of the most famous in history. 　　Pen names 　　Twain used different pen names before deciding on Mark Twain. He signed humorous and imaginative sketches Josh until 1863. Additionally, he used the pen name Thomas Jefferson Snodgrass for a series of humorous letters. 　　He maintained that his primary pen name came from his years working on Mississippi riverboats, where two fathoms, a depth indicating safe water for passage of boat, was measured on the sounding line. A fathom is a maritime unit of depth, equivalent to two yards （1.8 m）; twain is an archaic term for "two". The riverboatman's cry was mark twain or, more fully, by the mark twain, meaning "according to the mark [on the line], [the depth is] two [fathoms]", that is, "The water is 12 feet （3.7 m） deep and it is safe to pass". 　　Twain claimed that his famous pen name was not entirely his invention. In Life on the Mississippi, he wrote: 　　Captain Isaiah Sellers was not of literary turn or capacity, but he used to jot down brief paragraphs of plain practical information about the river, and sign them "MARK TWAIN", and give them to the New Orleans Picayune. They related to the stage and condition of the river, and were accurate and valuable; … At the time that the telegraph brought the news of his death, I was on the Pacific coast. I was a fresh new journalist, and needed a nom de guerre; so I confiscated the ancient mariner's discarded one, and have done my best to make it remain what it was in his hands – a sign and symbol and warrant that whatever is found in its company may be gambled on as being the petrified truth; how I have succeeded, it would not be modest in me to say. 　　Twain's version of the story about his nom de plume has been questioned by biographer George Williams III,the Territorial Enterprise newspaper, and Purdue University's Paul Fatout. which claim that mark twain refers to a running bar tab that Twain would regularly incur while drinking at John Piper's saloon in Virginia City, Nevada. 　　作家生涯 　　马克·吐温的第一部巨著《卡城名蛙》，在1865年11月18日于《纽约周六报刊》首次出版。这作品在那里出版的唯一原因是因为它完成得太迟，赶不及纳入阿特姆斯·沃德收集美国西部特色著作的书中。 　　这以后，《沙里缅度联邦报》派马克吐温去当时被称为三明治群岛的夏威夷作通讯记者，给联邦报寄来关于那里的事情的信。后来他在旧金山《加利福尼亚大地报》工作时也是根据这些幽默的信件写出的，因为《加利福尼亚大地报》派了他取道巴拿马运河从旧金山到纽约市，作巡回记者。当时他就不断寄出信件给报纸出版，讽刺而幽默地记录他的所见所闻。1867年6月8日，吐温乘游艇前往费城，要住5个月。这一游导致了《傻子旅行》的诞生。 　　1872年，吐温出版了第二部旅行文学著作《艰苦岁月》作为《傻子旅行》的续集。《艰苦岁月》的内容是吐温到内华达的旅程及在美国西部的后期生马克·吐温活的半自传式描述。这书以“傻子”对欧洲和中东的很多国家的批评来讽刺美国及西方的社会。吐温的下一作品《艰苦岁月》把焦点放在美国社会上。之后的《镀金时代》并不是旅行文学作品，因为这以前的两本书都是旅行文学作品，而这是他第一次写小说。这本书亦很著名，因为这是吐温唯一一本与人合作写成的书;这本书是由吐温和邻居查尔斯·达德利·沃纳写成的。 　　吐温之后的两本著作均是关于他在密西西比河上的经历。《密西西比河的旧日时光》一系列的小品在1875年出版于《大西洋月刊》，最具特色的是吐温对浪漫主义的醒悟。吐温在《旧日时光》之后更著了《密西西比河上的生活》。之后吐温写了《汤姆·索亚历险记》，这本书描写了他在汉尼拔的童年。吐温模仿自己小时候的性格，塑造出汤姆·索亚的性格来。这书亦引入一角色哈克贝利·费恩为配角。 　　《王子与乞丐》的故事情节虽然今天常出现于很多电影和文学作品中马克·吐温，但其实并不普遍被接纳。这是吐温首次尝试写“乞丐”，其缺点是吐温在英国社会并没有太足够的经历。《王子与乞丐》写作期间，吐温亦开始了《顽童流浪记》的写作，并也把另一部游记《浪迹海外》完成。《浪迹海外》是马克·吐温往中欧及南欧旅行的游记。 　　吐温之后的出版著作为《哈克贝利费恩历险记》，这本书出版以后，令他成为更著名的伟大美国作家。《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》是《汤姆·索亚历险记》的续集，严肃的气氛比后者更为浓厚。这书成为了美国大部分学校的必修书，因为哈克放弃服从规矩，而很多这样年龄的人马克·吐温正是这样想（哈克的故事背景为还有奴隶制的1850年代）。吐温于1876年夏，《汤姆·索亚历险记》发行后手写了约400页的《顽童流浪记》故事内容。吐温的妻子死于1904年，这以后他才得以把他的著作审查员及编辑者--他的妻子不喜欢的书籍出版。这些书中有一本是《神秘陌生人》，这本书并未在吐温有生之年出版，所以人们找到1897至1905年之间的三种版本的手稿。这三种版本令这部著作的出版情况很混乱，而现在才可得到吐温最先写的版本。吐温最后一部作品是他口述的自传。一些案卷保管人和编辑者把这自传重新整理一遍，要令它的格式更符合一般格式，因而一些吐温的幽默字句被删掉了。

马克吐温的介绍（中英文对照

马克•吐温，原名塞缪尔•朗赫恩•克列门斯；（1835年11月30日－1910年4月21日）是美国的幽默大师、小说家、作家，亦是著名演说家。虽然其家财不多，却无损其幽默、机智与名气，堪称美国最知名人士之一。其交游广阔，威廉•迪安•豪威尔士、布克•华盛顿、尼古拉•特斯拉、海伦•凯勒、亨利•罗杰诸君，皆为其友。他曾被誉为：文学史上的林肯。海伦•凯勒曾言：“我喜欢马克吐温——谁会不喜欢他呢？即使是上帝，亦会钟爱他，赋予其智慧，并于其心灵里绘画出一道爱与信仰的彩虹。”威廉•福克纳称马克•吐温为“第一位真正的美国作家，我们都是继承他而来”。其于1910年去世，年七十五，安葬于纽约州艾玛拉。
写作风格：熔幽默与讽刺一体，既富于独特的个人机智与妙语，又不乏深刻的社会洞察与剖析，既是幽默辛辣的小的杰作，又是悲天悯人的严肃!
笔名“马克•吐温”是其最常使用的笔名，一般认为这个笔名是源自其早年水手生涯，与其伙伴测量水深时，他的伙伴叫道“Mark Twain !”，意思是“两个标记”，亦即水深两浔（1浔约1.8米），这是轮船安全航行的必要条件。但亦有一说，指其在西部流浪时，经常在酒店买酒两杯，并要求酒保在帐单上记“两个标记”。然而，孰真孰假，或两者皆虚，则无从稽考。他的真名叫“萨缪尔•克里更斯”。
生平童年
马克•吐温于1835年11月30日出生在美国密苏里州佛罗里达的乡村的贫穷律师家庭。他是家中7个小孩的第6个小孩。他只有两个兄弟姊妹可以在童年过后幸存下来，他的那两个兄弟姊妹就是哥哥奥利安•克列门斯（Orion Clemens）（1825年7月17日 - 1897年12月11日）和姊姊帕梅拉（Pamela）（1827年9月19日 - 1904年8月31日）。他的父亲是当地的法官，收入菲薄，家境拮据。小塞缪尔上学时就不得不打工。他十二岁那年父亲去世，从此开始了独立的劳动生活，先在印刷所学徒，当过送报人和排字工，后来又在密西西比河上当水手和舵手。儿时生活的贫穷和长期的劳动生涯，不但为他以后的文学创作累积了素材，更铸就了一颗正义的心。他的母亲玛格丽特（Margaret）在他四岁时死去，而他的哥哥本杰明（Benjamin）（1832年6月8日 - 1842年5月12日）在三年后亦死去了。他的另一个哥哥Pleasant（1828年 - 1829年）只活到吐温出生前三个月。继这班年龄较马克•吐温大的兄弟姊妹之后，吐温又有一个弟弟－－亨利•克列门斯（Henry Clemens）（1838年7月13日 - 1858年6月21日）。在吐温4岁时，他们一家迁往密苏里州汉尼拔（Hannibal）的一个密西西比河的港市，而这就成为了他后来的著作《汤姆•索亚历险记》和《顽童流浪记》中圣彼得堡的城市的灵感。 那时，密苏里州是联邦的奴隶州，而年轻的吐温开始了解奴隶制，这成为了往后在他的历险小说中的主题。
马克•吐温是色盲的，而这激起了他在社交圈子的诙谐玩笑。1847年3月，当吐温11岁时，他的父亲死于肺炎。接着的那一年，他成为一名印刷学徒。1851年，他成为一名排字工人，也有投稿，并开始给他哥哥奥利安创办的《汉尼拔杂志》（Hannibal Journal）写草稿。在他18岁时，他离开汉尼拔并在纽约市、费城、圣路易和辛辛那提市都当过印刷工人。22岁时，吐温回到密苏里州。在下密西西比河到纽奥良的旅途中，轮船的领航员“碧士比”要吐温终身成为轮船领航员，而这职业是当时全美国薪资第三高的职业，每月250美元（等于现在的155,000美元）。
由于那时的轮船是由很易燃的木材建造，因此在晚间亦不可以开灯。领航员需要对不断改变的河流有丰富的认识，因而可以避开河岸成百的港口和植林地。吐温在他得到领航员执照（1859年）之前花了2年多一丝不苟地研究了密西西比河的2000米。在得到执照前的训练期间，吐温说服他的弟弟亨利•克列门斯与他在密西西比河上工作。亨利死于1858年6月21日，那是由于亨利工作的那艘轮船爆炸。吐温为此感到极内疚，并在余生中一直觉得他自己需负上责任。可是他继续在河上工作并一直是领航员，直到1861年南北战争爆发而缩减了密西西比河的交通。
Mark Twain (pseudonym of Samuel Langhorne Clemens, 1835-1910), was an American writer, journalist and humorist, who won a worldwide audience for his stories of the youthful adventures of Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn. Clemens was born on November 30, 1835 in Florida, Missouri, of a Virginian family. He was brought up in Hannibal, Missouri. After his father's death in 1847, he was apprenticed to a printer and wrote for his brother's newspaper. He later worked as a licensed Mississippi river-boat pilot. The Civil War put an end to the steamboat traffic and Clemens moved to Virginia City, where he edited the Territorial Enterprise. On February 3, 1863, 'Mark Twain' was born when Clemens signed a humorous travel account with that pseudonym. In 1864 Twain left for California, and worked in San Francisco as a reporter. He visited Hawaii as a correspondent for The Sacramento Union, publishing letters on his trip and giving lectures. He set out on a world tour, traveling in France and Italy. His experiences were recorded in 1869 in The Innocents Abroad, which gained him wide popularity, and poked fun at both American and European prejudices and manners. The success as a writer gave Twain enough financial security to marry Olivia Langdon in 1870. They moved next year to Hartford. Twain continued to lecture in the United States and England. Between 1876 and 1884 he published several masterpieces, Tom Sawyer (1881) and The Prince And The Pauper (1881). Life On The Mississippi appeared in 1883 andHuckleberry Finn in 1884. In the 1890s Twain lost most of his earnings in financial speculations and in the failure of his own publishing firm. To recover from the bankruptcy, he started a world lecture tour, during which one of his daughters died. Twain toured New Zealand, Australia, India, and South Africa. He wrote such books as The Tragedy Of Pudd'head Wilson (1884), Personal Recollections Of Joan Of Arc (1885), A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court (1889) and the travel book Following The Equator (1897). During his long writing career, Twain also produced a considerable number of essays. The death of his wife and his second daughter darkened the author's later years, which is seen in his posthumously published autobiography (1924). Twain died on April 21, 1910.

掌舵的成语掌舵的成语是什么

掌舵的成语有：看风转舵，随风倒舵，回船转舵。掌舵的成语有：看风转舵，明如指掌，顺风使舵。2：注音是、ㄓㄤˇㄉㄨㄛ_。3：结构是、掌(上下结构)舵(左右结构)。4：拼音是、zhǎngduò。5：词性是、动词。掌舵的具体解释是什么呢，我们通过以下几个方面为您介绍：一、词语解释【点此查看计划详细内容】掌舵zhǎngduò。(1)掌握船舵，比喻掌握方向。(2)掌舵的人，舵手。二、引证解释⒈掌握船舵。引《儒林外史》第六回：“那掌舵驾长害馋_。”《老残游记》第一回：“还不赶紧去打那_掌舵的吗？”⒉比喻掌握方向。引陈毅《游柏林失不雷河》诗：“历史转捩，人民掌舵。”周而复《上海的早晨》第三部二七：“上海哪一件大事，不是陈市长掌舵。”三、国语词典船上掌舵的人。词语翻译英语tosteer(aship)_德语Zwischendeck(S)_,gelenkt(V)_法语tenirlegouvernail,diriger四、网络解释掌舵掌舵一词，掌握船舵，比喻掌握方向。出自：《老残游记》第一回：“还不赶紧去打那_掌舵的吗？”《掌舵》小说，福建人民出版社出版关于掌舵的诗句珠海南巡掌舵船梦死妻子儿女和奴仆．但是永远不再操桨掌舵．大海已令人厌倦因为不能掌舵．也没有港口关于掌舵的词语看风转舵顺风使舵了若指掌乘风转舵随风转舵随风倒舵顺风转舵看风使舵易如翻掌如指诸掌关于掌舵的造句1、人生一条路，开店走大路，自我来掌舵，方向多把握，明天有辉煌，今天要开朗，生意靠打拼，日子靠经营，成功靠积攒，时机靠人脉，万事有头绪，生意皆如意，愿你万事顺利。2、由他掌舵，通过这段激流险滩是万无一失的。3、为此，笔者就如何从严带队伍谈一点粗浅熟悉一是班子建设从严，发挥好掌舵和垂范作用。4、人生是船，船儿带我漂流；父母在这头，孩儿在那头；我是掌舵人，一直向前走；划向幸福岛，飘到吉祥楼；拿到如意棒，重返船上头；一代一代传，船儿不停休。5、残疾人日：用“爱心”掌舵，用“关心”航行，用“真心”扬帆，用“诚心”起航，驶进人生海洋，扶助残疾人员，畅游幸福彼岸，船长宣言：同是华夏儿女，关爱残疾同胞！幸福船长：就是。点此查看更多关于掌舵的详细信息

掌舵者的成语掌舵者的成语是什么

掌舵者的成语有：看风使舵，看风转舵，顺风转舵。掌舵者的成语有：乘风转舵，烂若披掌，回船转舵。2：结构是、掌(上下结构)舵(左右结构)者(半包围结构)。3：拼音是、zhǎngduòzhě。掌舵者的具体解释是什么呢，我们通过以下几个方面为您介绍：一、词语解释【点此查看计划详细内容】掌权人、领导者。关于掌舵者的词语看风转舵了若指掌顺风使舵乘风转舵看风使舵明如指掌随风转舵烂若披掌如指诸掌见风转舵点此查看更多关于掌舵者的详细信息